From Ortega y Gasset, Invertebrate Spain:
…the amalgamating process which takes place in the formation of any great nation is a labor of totalization; in that process, social groups which have hitherto led independent lives become integrated as parts of a whole. Disintegration is an inverse process: parts of the whole begin to live as separate groups. I call this phenomenon particularism…. The essence of particularism is that each group ceases to feel itself part of a whole, and therefore ceases to share the feelings of the rest. The hopes and needs of the others mean nothing to it, and it does nothing to help them win their hearts’ desires. Since the current of sympathy is cut, the woes that afflict a neighbor have no effect on the other groups, and he is left abandoned in weakness and misfortune. On the other hand, hyper-sensitiveness to one’s own ailments is a characteristic of this social state. Disagreements or difficulties which are easily borne during periods of cohesion come to be intolerable when the spirit of a national life in common has disintegrated…
Is it, then, so strange that the majority of Spaniards, and even of the best Spaniards, should finally begin to ask themselves, “What are we living together for?” Because living is something done with a forward motion, it is an activity which moves from the present toward the immediate future. For living, an echo of the past is not enough, and much less for living together. That is why Renan said that a nation is, by the very act of existing, a daily plebiscite. Every day, in the secrecy of every heart, there is a fateful balloting which decides whether or not the nation can, in truth, go on being a nation. In what activity is the government going to ask our enthusiastic collaboration tomorrow? For a long, long time, indeed for centuries, the government has been pretending that we Spaniards existed merely that it might give itself the pleasure of existing. As the pretext grew more and more meager, Spain went on wasting away…. Today we are not so much a people as a cloud of dust that was left hovering in the air when a great people went galloping down the high road of history.